Most forms of autoimmune encephalitis respond to immune therapies, although powerful immune suppression for weeks or months. Louis encephalitis affected 3000 individuals in 1975. Current and historical conditions indexed list of current and historical nationally notifiable conditions. These patients often respond favorably to immunotherapy. The severity can be variable with symptoms including headache, fever, confusion, a stiff neck, and vomiting.
An overview of acute management of patients is provided in the figure, and typical doses of therapeutic agents are listed in table 3. The pathology of viral encephalitis is associated with inflammatory th1 immune responses against infected cells, such as in theilers virus infection of oligodendrocytes. Although bacterial, fungal, and autoimmune disorders can produce encephalitis, most cases are viral in origin. Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord as a result of either bacteria, viral or fungal infection. Most encephalitis viruses are mosquitoborne viruses that can produce a range of effects in humans.
The two major categories of stroke are ischaemic lack of blood and hence oxygen to an area of the brain and haemorrhagic bleeding from a burst or leaking blood vessel in the brain stroke. Measles produces 2 devastating forms of encephalitis. This article will address three broad areas of viral encephalitis its causes, differential diagnosis, and management. Complications may include seizures, hallucinations, trouble speaking, memory problems, and problems with hearing causes of encephalitis include viruses such as herpes simplex virus and rabies as well as bacteria, fungi, or parasites. There are several causes, but the most common is a viral infection. Jul 24, 2019 japanese encephalitis is a seasonal disease, with most cases occurring in temperate areas from june to september. Apr 10, 2019 meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord as a result of either bacteria, viral or fungal infection. The incidence of encephalitis is 1 case per 200,000 population in the united states, with herpes. Pie, which occurs in about 1 in infected persons, and sspe, occurring in about 1 in 100,000 infected patients. Hsv targets brain parenchyma in temporal lobes, sometimes with frontal or parietal involvement mumps can cause acute viral encephalitis or a delayed immunemediated encephalitis measles causes a postinfectious encephalitis which may have a severe haemorrhagic component acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis influenza a may give diffuse. In patients with suspected herpes simplex virus hsv infection, empiric antiviral therapy is started to prevent complications of hsv encephalitis. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. A guide is aimed at all people affected by encephalitis, their families and friends. Encephalitis may be associated with a number of complications, including the following.
Isbn 97895330774, pdf isbn 9789535166016, published 20111209. Pdf japanese encephalitis je is one of the most dreaded mosquitoborne viral encephalitis known to afflict humans. Pathophysiology and treatment of meningoencephalitis a. Feb 18, 2016 arboviral encephalitis affects 1503000 persons per year, depending on occurrence and intensity of epidemic transmission. Define meningitis state the classifications of meningitis discuss the pathophysiology of meningitis. Encephalitis ppt free download as powerpoint presentation.
Tumor screening and, if necessary, treatment is essential to proper management. Encephalitis, meningitis and brain abscess introduction encephalitis definition. Risk for infection and risk for trauma ncp for encephalitis. Usually the cause is a viral infection, but bacteria can also cause it. Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis hoffman olaf and weber joerg r. While the approach will be a general one, i shall focus particularly on hse which is the most frequent cause of sporadic fatal encephalitis in humans in the western world. Distinguishing between viral and bacterial meningitis is done using blood and csf cultures, as well as lumbar puncture opening pressure which reflects icp and csf analysis. Pathophysiology of uremic encephalopathy 1 diseases. Aug 01, 2008 encephalitis is defined by the presence of an inflammatory process of the brain in association with clinical evidence of neurologic dysfunction. Nov, 2018 clues viral cns infections children encephalitis infxs causes in children encephalitis travel history zoonoses causing encephalitis related topics. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Clues viral cns infections children encephalitis infxs causes in children encephalitis travel history zoonoses causing encephalitis related topics. Many forms of autoimmune encephalitis are paraneoplastic, and each of these conveys a distinct risk profile for various tumors.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, which may result in a more. Encephalitis is inflammation of the parenchyma of the brain, resulting from direct viral invasion. A diagnosis of viral encephalitis could be a challenge to the clinician, since almost 70% of viral encephalitis cases are left without an etiologic agent identified. Delay in diagnosis and treatment has been associated with a worse prognosis. Encephalitis neurologic disorders msd manual professional. Uremic encephalopathy has a complex pathophysiology, and many toxins that accumulate in kidney failure may be contributive. Geography is a major determinant of encephalitis caused by vectorborne pathogens. Baixe no formato docx, pdf, txt ou leia online no scribd.
Department of neurology, chariteuniversitaetsmedizin berlin, germany, department of cell biology and neurobiology, chariteuniversitaetsmedizin berlin germany, department of neurology, lkh, klagenfurt, austria presented by. Background encephalitis means simply inflammation of the brain. Aug 07, 2018 other arboviruses cause substantially less morbidity and mortality. Typically, follows a prodromal flulike illness including fever and headache and manifests as superimposed behavioral changes, seizures, focal neurological signs and cognitive impairment. Autoimmune encephalitis can manifest with several distinct syndromes, complicating its recognition. Then there is an increase in size of rich focus until rupture. The syndrome of acute encephalitis shares many clinical features with acute meningitis, such that patients with either syndrome may present with fever, headache, and altered level of consciousness. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is brain and spinal cord inflammation caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to a virus or another foreign protein. Transmission may occur all year in some tropical areas eg, indonesia. Objectives by the end of this session, students will be able to. Definite diagnosis is by pcr based detection of viral nucleic acid, which may be undetectable early in disease but almost always can be found within a week of presentation, even after starting. Mar 21, 2017 these patients often respond favorably to immunotherapy. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis adem in children. Department of neurology, chariteuniversitaetsmedizin berlin, germany, department of cell biology and neurobiology, chariteuniversitaetsmedizin berlin germany, department of neurology, lkh, klagenfurt, austria.
For example, st louis encephalitis and wne have a mortality rate of 220%, the higher rates found in patients older than 60 years. In 2015, encephalitis was estimated to have affected 4. This is in contrast to meningitis, which is an inflammation of the layers covering the brain. The diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis. To establish accurate diagnosis and develop effective vaccines and drugs to overcome this disease, it is important to understand and.
Many infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites, can cause inflammation of the central nervous system cns. Those at greatest risk for this disease are infants between 6 and 12. Review the anatomy and physiology of central nervous system. Distinguishing between viral and bacterial meningitis is done using blood and csf cultures, as well as lumbar puncture opening. Encephalitis can be caused by bacterial infection and. If you want to search for other health articles, please search on this blog. Nursing care plan for encephalitis encephalitis encephalitis is an acute infection and inflammation of the brain itself. Encephalitis means direct microbial infection of the brain and is almost always caused by viruses. Subclinical encephalitis occurs in many viral illnesses, but only a limited number of viruses produce clinically significant encephalitis. The pathophysiology of tuberculous meningitis has bacilli root itself to the brain parenchyma, which causes the formation of small subpial focus. This paper aims to increase parentcarer and professional awareness around the child, of the causes of encephalitis, to enable them to reduce the risk of longterm effects.
Encephalitis is defined by the presence of an inflammatory process of the brain in association with clinical evidence of neurologic dysfunction. Mar 19, 2011 nursing care plan for encephalitis encephalitis encephalitis is an acute infection and inflammation of the brain itself. Oct 29, 2014 pathophysiology and treatment of meningoencephalitis a journal reading 1. Acyclovir for herpes encephalitis cytoveneanother antiviral used. Pathophysiology of uremic encephalopathy 1 free download as word doc. Csf analysis typically demonstrates lymphocytosis 10 500x10 6 l, average 100x10 6 l with or without red cells or xanthochromia, mildly elevated protein and normal or mildly decreased glucose. An acute febrile syndrome marked by inflammation of the brain and its coverings. The classical presentation of encephalitis consists of a subacute days to a few weeks progressive decrease in the level of consciousness, often with fluctuations, and altered cognition. Approximately seven per 100,000 people were hospitalized for encephalitis in the us during this time. Encephalitis pathophysiology free download as word doc.
Viral most often, bacteria, fungi, or parasites virus gains access to cns, invades brain tissue, causes inflammation inflammation extends over cerebral cortex, white matter, and meninges. Download as ppt, pdf, txt or read online from scribd. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, which may result in a more advanced and serious disease meningoencephalitis. Japanese encephalitis is a seasonal disease, with most cases occurring in temperate areas from june to september. Wne affected 373 individuals in 2009, with 32 deaths. It covers encephalitis in adults from description of the condition, diagnosis and management in the acute phase to effects of encephalitis and recovery and rehabilitation. Louis encephalitis virus contains positivesense viral rna. Further south, in subtropical areas, japanese encephalitis virus transmission begins as early as march and extends until october. Bacterial infections may be caused by haemophilus influenzae type b, neisseria meningitidis meningococcal meningitis, and streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcal meningitis. Symptoms include fever, headache, and altered mental status, often accompanied by seizures or. Encephalitis can occur as a secondary immunologic complication of certain viral infections or vaccinations.
Encephalitis ensefuhlietis is inflammation of the brain. Uremic encephalopathy may occur in a patient with acute kidney injury or chronic kidney failure of any etiology. The community has truly come to feel like a family, somewhere i can be open, honest and myself. Seizures syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone siadh increased intracranial pressure icp coma pathophysiology portals of entry are virus specific. The number of cases of encephalitis has not changed much over time, with about 250,000 cases a year from 2005 to 2015 in the us. A stroke occurs when the blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted, resulting in some degree of permanent neurological damage. Encephalitis practice essential, pathophysiology, diagnosis. Management of viral encephalitis guidelines cover the initial management of all patients with suspected encephalitis, up to the point of diagnosis, in an acute care setting such as acute medical unit or emergency department. Tubercles rupture in subarachnoid area causes meningitis.
Longterm sequelae with st louis encephalitis include behavioral disorders, memory loss, and seizures. Autoimmune encephalitis is an important cause of newonset altered mental status, the scope of which has only recently begun to be recognized in the medical literature. Inflammatory demyelination of the brain and spinal cord can occur 1 to 3 wk later as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Encephalitis often causes only mild flulike signs and symptoms such as a fever or headache or no symptoms at all. If the infection involves the spinal cord and the brain, it is known as encephalomyelitis. No satisfactory treatment exists for the relatively common acute.
What makes a microorganism target specific structures or cell types of the cns. Encephalitis is responsible for approximately 1400 deaths annually in the united states. Access study documents, get answers to your study questions, and connect with real tutors for nurs 6501. Risk for infection and risk for trauma ncp for encephalitis is one of the nic health articles nursing frequently sought. Pathophysiology and treatment of meningoencephalitis a journal reading 1. Abdelrahman alkilani, rn, bsn msn year 1 meningitis and encephalitis 2. It is estimated that viral encephalitis occurs at a rate of 1. Entry of virusspecific t cells, usually a hostprotective event, can induce encephalitis.
103 655 1499 1150 198 1082 1229 1235 1024 393 1252 806 1401 978 407 1003 840 11 1126 1032 1290 328 277 1444 821 349 468 638 960 783 1276 1552 1273 1563 1477 241 25 1038 358 296 584 988 805 1192 123